Dutch studio Mecanoo and New Orleans-based practice OTJ Architects have completed the renovation of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library in Washington D.C. after a three-year transformation process, the three-storey building follows "a humanistic approach" at all levels. 

Officially opened in 1972 in Washington D.C., the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library (MLKL) was the only library designed by Mies van der Rohe, one of the twentieth century’s greatest architects, and was subsequently named after Dr. King, the towering civil rights leader who was assassinated in 1968. 

The modest structure integrating Martin Luther King's "timeless values", the building has reborned as a contemporary lifelong-learning hub which reaches out to all communities. 

"We have been guided by Martin Luther King’s timeless values and implemented them in this, the most important library for the people of America’s capital," said Francine Houben, principal, founding partner and creative director of Mecanoo.

The building honoring the legacies of Mies and King

The transformation of MLKL presents a new, humanistic environment at all levels, adapted and programmed for the future needs, and the building is enhanced by other facilities including a public roof garden, a theater, signature staircases and a suite of community studios and workshops. 

A central objective of the new design, as Houben explains, is "to highlight the library’s social gathering purpose and its strong presence as a social landmark in the city". The design approach balances the very different legacies of Mies van der Rohe and Dr King.

Mecanoo’s extensive research included dialogue with Jack Bowman, an architect who worked on the original building, and Charles Cassell, who led the campaigner to name the library ofter Dr. King. If design decisions could favor either Mies’ legacy or Dr. King’s values, but not both, Houben would choose to go with Dr. King. 

"We must honor him by the programming, and by opening the building to everyone", she adds.

The 39,600-square-metre rejuvenation project respects the powerful simplicity of the original building. The building carries the architectural language of Mies van der Rohe’s style, for example, the building is envisioned with distinctive rectilinear black glass-and-steel aesthetic, which characterizes his iconic skyscrapers in New York and Chicago. 

The MLKL’s rectangular form has three glazed floors which float above a first (ground) floor recessed behind a colonnade of black steel columns.

When Houben first visited the old MLKL, she found that it "was not a good building technically and it was not a good library… all the books got daylight and all the people didn’t get any at all". These and other fundamental shortcomings are eliminated in the new design.

An environment that is warm, social and healthy

Visitors access the building through the main G Street entrance leading into the lobby, named the Great Hall. The design team maintained the original features of the building. Below a magnificent mural from 1986 by Don Miller, which celebrates Dr King’s life, Mecanoo has recessed the wall and lined it with vertical wooden slats. 

Bench steps rise from floor level, drawing people to sit, chat, read and watch. The intervention brings warmth and better acoustics to the lobby, and boosts the library’s social dimension from the moment you enter. As with all the library’s features, it is clear what was Mies’ original design, and what is new and designed by Mecanoo. The lobby also hosts new murals by Nekisha Durrett. 

The team adds a new café which is partitioned by glass from the Great Hall, and extends to an outside area on the library’s north-east corner. Brick walls have been cut back so that it is open to the sidewalk, connecting the library with the city. 

Image © Robert Benson

Inside, Mecanoo has introduced two new wood-lined staircases characterized by their sculptural fluidity. Stairs are wide, terrazzo surfaced and curve up around a middle void from the lower ground floor to a new fifth floor, where natural light falls through circular skylights. 

The staircases exemplify Mecanoo’s organic styling, bring a soft, sweeping rhythm to vertical circulation, and they act as social connectors. Furthermore, as Houben comments: "The visual attraction of the staircases encourages people to use them, and they’re a healthy alternative to taking the elevator". 

A library that offers laboratories, skills training, community services and more

Mecanoo has opened the lower ground floor to library users for the first time. It hosts a wide range of facilities that offer resources and skills training. 

The new Fabrication Lab is a suite of workshops with hands-on equipment, and as Houben comments, "this is a space where you can make noise!". In contrast, the Studio Lab’s rooms are quiet, enabling activities such as music, dance and yoga.

From the second floor upwards, book shelves had previously blocked the windows on all sides. These have been cleared away, allowing natural light deep into the building. 

On the second floor, a continuous reading counter stretches along the window overlooking G Street. It is part of a 220m (720ft)-long “Reading Ribbon” over multiple floors. 

The second floor now hosts a colorful new children’s library, divided into three “age zones”, and includes a slide beside one of the staircases. Fun was missing in the old library, but now it’s built in, and the slide even introduces thrill. 

On the third floor, the highlight is the Grand Reading Room. Previously just one floor high, removal of a ceiling now gives it double height, visually connecting into the fourth floor reading room above it. A new installation by Xenobia Bailey hangs from the new two-story ceiling, an artist known for her strong traditional African and contemporary urban aesthetics. 

Image © Robert Benson

D.C. gains a new auditorium and a public roofgarden

The fourth floor now features a major 291-capacity auditorium. This double-height event space has warm wood-lined walls which curve around the corners, and banked seating which rises into an entirely new fifth floor. 

There, the auditorium lobby is bordered by conference rooms and an Events Center, which opens into a new sky-garden. 

The new floor is contained within a trapezoid, glazed pavilion, sheltered by a roof cantilevering out around it. Set back from the edges, the pavilion is not visible from the street, from where the building’s profile and geometry look exactly as Mies designed it.

Surrounding the pavilion is new roof garden. Paths crisscrossed between angular planters which bring biodiversity into the heart of Washington. This hidden yet public oasis offers everyone tranquility, proximity to nature and an open sky. "The rooftop was a desert", comments Houben. "Now it becomes a park for the city".

Image © Mecanoo

Mies had designed a passive library to sit and read in, but the reborn library is designed to be active, a place for doing and meeting. It now embodies the spirit of advancement, inclusivity and hope that Dr King brought to the nation. 

The introduction of organic surfaces and softer lines is a strong contrast to Mies’ strict hard-surfaced rectilinearity, but it creates synergy, not opposition, with the original building. 

"The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library has been the singular focus of our Culture, Arts and Education studio for the past six years and we are immensely gratified to see our partnership with Mecanoo and the DCPL come to such a successful fruition. This platform for the exchange of knowledge and ideas will provide all residents of our city with a venue in which to share values and strengthen that which brings us together as a community," said Gary Martinez, Senior Principal at OTJ Architects.

Image © Robert Benson

"The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library reconciles the Mies building, the values of Martin Luther King, and what the library of the future must be," said Francine Houben, principal, founding partner and creative director of Mecanoo.

"We have made the MLKL more organic, more transparent and more open, both physically and in how it reaches out to Washington D.C.. Like never before, this great library extends its welcome to all communities, across all ages and backgrounds, and gives them the resources to build better lives."

OTJ Architects served as the project’s Executive Architect from its Washington, D.C. offices. Under the leadership of Gary Martinez, OTJ’s team navigated the approvals and entitlement process for MLKL that engaged the US Commission of Fine Arts, the Historic Preservation Review Board, and the National Capital Planning Commissions. 

OTJ also designed the new 5th floor Event Center and rendered final approval on $2M of custom fabricated millwork throughout the project.

Image © Robert Benson

Image © Robert Benson

Basement floor plan

Ground floor plan

First floor plan

Second floor plan

Third floor plan

Fourth floor plan

Roof floor plan

Section

Section

East elevation

North elevation

In 2020, Mecanoo released a full-length documentary on the design process and transformation of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library. The library was closed in 2017 due to the modernisation of the library, which was completed in 2020 and reopened in September 2020. However, due to the pandemic, only a few areas in the building stayed open to the public. 

Mecanoo was founded in Delft, the Netherlands, in 1984 by Francine Houben. The studio is made up of a multidisciplinary staff of over 140 creative professionals from 25 countries. 

Primed at the intersection of workplace design and performing arts architecture, US-based OTJ Architects, founded in 2011, produces a greta number of projects in commercial real estate, corporate, government, culture, arts and entertainment, as well as nonprofit sectors. 

Top image © Trent Bell

All images © Trent Bell unless otherwise stated. 

All drawings © Mecanoo 

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